Human Resource as Most Important Essay

The importance of human resource (HR) can be explained through the analogy of a motorcycle. A motorcycle can’t run on its own without the function of its many parts. It needs to be serviced regularly, the parts oiled and sometimes, talking to it, helps in running of your motorbike. Trust me (I myself, own a Vespa). Ignorance of its squeaky brake pads, almost thread less rear tyres could hamper the motorbike’s performance on the road or worst; the death of its rider! These same principles apply for a company. An organization cannot unction without its employees as they are essentially its driving force. Patty (2010: 15) described employees as the ones that make decisions, negotiate and execute plans. An organization exists to deliver value for people, either as a single person or whole fully as a team (Mayo, 2001). As stated by Lawler (2003: 17), some organization’s market worth is in its intangible assets, such as its reputation, brand and human capital, are extremely vulnerable to sudden death spirals. These intangible assets wouldn’t exist if not for good performing employees. A company offering bike towing services wouldn’t be reputable anymore if its mployees start to not achieve its target of 30 minutes arriving at scene upon despatched. Alternatively, a cosmetic shop selling facial products when their sales assistant themselves do not have good facial complexions. As Mayo (2001: 26) states, â€Å"everything depends on people; their capability, motivation, creativity, passion and leadership. People manage the tangible assets, and they also maintain and grow the intangible ones. † Humans possesses unique feelings and emotions and when they are correctly identified and managed with the correct strategy, an organization is able to seamlessly attain its target without much problems. As Kant (1781) mentions, â€Å"Treat people as ends unto themselves rather than as means to an end. † Armstrong (2009: 14) then elaborates, ‘productivity is directly related to job satisfaction and the output will be high if they like their co-workers and are given pleasant supervision. ’ Employees share their personal human capital with their company as they believe they will be getting something in return. As a result, an employee in an organization becomes both the stakeholder and shareholder (Mayo, 2001). Employees are merely lending their personal human capital to their company and may switch so if they are not being treated right. Meanwhile, other assets of an organization do not have an emotional element attached to them. This refers to state-of-the-art technology that manufactures excellent, ‘clean’ products for mass selling. Companies such as Apple, Sony and Philips are all well renowned for their IT products. Big touch screen tablet computers. Bigger ‘LED’ Television screen and the list go on. However, it is by the use of the human resource that we are able to come out with such ideas and thinking on how our future daily products are to be like. Machines can never be exact substitutes for humans. It is the action of our own mindless workers in those factories hat we can control the technology to be turned on or off for exact made-to-order production figures. Those same workers will be the one to diagnose and repair the machines once they break down. The same applies to the rest of the assets. The organization’s financials, materials, and methodology couldn’t be derived without the help of the human resource. It is only through people that these factors could be idealised and generated. Stewart (2005: 3) defined intellectual capital as: ‘Intellectual material –knowledge, information, intellectual property, experience – that can be put to use to create wealth. An organization may start with zero capital but with honest, experienced and resourceful employees, their company might still be successful in the end. As highlighted, no other asset is as important as human resource in any organization. An organization needs the directives of its own staff as nothing else will drive the company forward. Employee actions are the mirror image of their organization. A good responsible, reputable and polite bike technician will give customer the same impression of the company. Good impressions will drive up the company’s monthly sales target. A bad reputation will lowly dwindle down sales targets and force customer to look for other better workshops. However, most companies think of fast super fast and easy methods of cutting down costs in times of crisis by letting go of their employees. It would only be common sense to cut down on your own staff as you’re now dealing with technologies and machines for your business but we are wrong. This perspective is also being supported by various accounting principles. Mayo (2001: 4) states that ‘They are much more likely to see the company being driven by efficiency and by minimizing costs. ’ This is largely due to the fact that human resource costs re easier to monitor, while the intangible values that they generate is not. So, human resources alone will not entail in good endings. It has to be nurtured properly from the start by a good human resource management (HRM). Only with good HRM will the company be recruiting the best talent for the job. With the proper strategy and fit in line, these ‘people’s managers’ will be the change agents for their employees and only then will their approach be fruitful. As stated by Armstrong (2009: 15), ‘the overall purpose of human resource management is to ensure the organization is able to achieve success through people’. As you can see, human resources are the most important asset in the organization. They are the one that drive the organization forward in making a significant contribution to their company’s success. The rest of the assets stated above are in pale comparison to human resource. However, only with a good HRM will the organization prosper. Given the proper infrastructure, high investment and even huge manpower but without a proper HRM, there is no way that organization could run successfully. Thus, human resource is the most important factor in determining the success and failure of any organization.

Ownership and Control Essay

The first business decision that an entrepreneur faces when he is opening his private business is the type of enterprise he/they will create. Basically there are three main forms of business enterprises that can be opened, a sole trader, a partnership and a limited liability company. Such enterprises comprise different legal status and ownership, plus different control measures. In the following paragraphs we will explain such issues of these forms of organizations. A sole trader is the simplest form of business enterprise. It usually consists of one individual who opened a business operation. Sole traders are usually small firms due to the limited amount of capital that is invested by a single owner. The main benefit of a sole trader is that the owner has full control over the assets of the business and all the critical decisions are usually taken solely by him. The main limitation of such a form of business, apart from limited capital is the unlimited liability on the organization’s debts. Partnership arises whenever two or more people invest money in a business to commence trading. A partnership also possesses unlimited liability like a sole trader. However more capital is available since money is invested by more people. In a partnership not all the partners exercise control on the firm especially if it is a limited partnership. In case of companies, which are limited liability due to separate legal entity, give room to shareholders and directors being formed. The shareholders are the owners, which can be a significant number, while the directors are the individuals managing the company which are not necessarily the shareholders particularly in public companies. Companies are frequently formed due to higher availability of finance.

Company Law legislation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Company Law legislation - Essay Example 'A contract which purports to be made by or on behalf of a company at a time when the company has not been formed has effect, subject to any agreement to the contrary, as one made with the person purporting to act for the company or as agent for it, and he is personally liable on the contract accordingly.' The UK legislation provides that promoters are personally liable on pre-incorporation contracts, a reform of the common law position which made liability of the promoter dependent on the manner in which the contract was signed. (Mrs. Janet E. Morgan)2 As the company Beta Limited was not in existence, at the time the lease contract was entered into whether Sam being the promoter is liable on the contract depends on the capacity in which he purported to sign the lease contract. Since the contract was signed by Sam as promoter using the wordings "on behalf of Beta Ltd", it can be assumed that he signed the contract in his personal capacity and hence, he becomes personally liable, under the contract for any consequences. This position was confirmed by the court in the case of Phonogram Limited v Lane3 The position would be different if he has signed as "Beta Limited per Sam" then it amount to his signing on behalf of the company. In this case he will not be liable as he has signed on behalf of a company which does not exist. Liability of Beta Limited: Since the contract was signed by Sam using the words 'on behalf of Beta Ltd' the company does not become liable on the lease agreement as was decided in the case of Phonogram Limited v Lane However since the company has continued to pay the lease rent after occupying the premises it amounts to ratification of the action of Sam in leasing the premises on behalf of the Beta Limited entered into prior to incorporation. At the point when Gamma limited wants Beta Limited to quit it cannot pass on any liability arising there from to Sam under the plea that the contract is entered into prior to incorporation. Another example to illustrate this case is the decision In Newborne v Sensolid (GB) Ltd4 Here a contract was entered by the plaintiff company with the contract signed as Leopold the promoter as "Yours faithfully, Leopold Newborne (London) Ltd". The court held that neither the company nor the promoter could compel the defendant to enforce the contract as the contract was neither purported to be signed by the company nor the promoter. Yet another case that proves the invalidity of the contract if the company was not in existence at the time the contract was entered into can be seen in the case of Cotronic (UK) Ltd v Dezonie5 where Dezonie signed a contract for and on behalf of his company and unknown to him the company was struck off the register about years earlier. On knowing this that the company was no more in existence, Denzonie registered another company in the same name and tried to interpret s. 36c to his advantage. The court held that s. 36c would not be applicable as the case was relating to a company that had been formed many years before. The decision of the court in the case of Oshkosh B'Gosh v Dan Marble Inc and Another6 is also

Catch 22 - Orr Character Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Catch 22 - Orr Character Report - Essay Example This essay will explore Orr’s significance to the wider themes and motifs of the novel. As the hostilities in the Second World War were at a peak, the soldiers start to feel psychologically and physically weary and contemplate the situation they find themselves in. The term Catch-22 refers to this sense of entrapment felt by many members of the United States military at the time, who are sane enough to see the absurdity of putting their lives at risk, while insane enough to continue participating in it. The Catch-22 situation arises when a soldier, in a moment of sanity and lucidity, sees the futility of war; but realizes that the only way he can escape from its viciousness is by claiming insanity. In other words, it is a circular argument wherein the premise is taken as proof of argument. The military officers use this paradoxical rule to keep control over their squadron members, lest they will begin to assert their will. The character of Orr should be studied in light of this most prominent theme in the novel. In the initial stages of the novel Orr comes across as an incompetent pilot, whose plane inevitably gets shot, forcing him to crash land on each occasion. But, as the war wears on and the Catch-22 puzzle overwhelms the members of the squadron, it is Orr who succeeds in escaping to Sweden, a neutral country where peace prevailed. In this respect, the sub-plot involving Orr is comprised of more heroism and courage than that of Yossarian. Author Joseph Heller, by way of depicting the personal qualities of Orr, gives away hints related to his impending escape. For example, there are references in the novel to Orr’s aptitude for mechanics and his skilful dexterity, as when he tailors the tent in such a way as to make it comfortable. When analyzing the novel in retrospect, we see how this talent comes handy in his escape expedition to Sweden. The incident involving the prostitute in Rome is another

Organizational Security Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organizational Security Expansion - Essay Example However, security of their personnel and business security are areas of their great concern when exploring internationally new markets. Security companies involve large capital investments and hence cannot take any risk in investing in unproductive markets. This is because such a mistake is very costly to its operations. Harwood, (2008) Observes that Africa and Middle East are characterized by terrorism, pirates, poverty, corruption and other forms of violence. Though these require security service operations, they are a major threat to the operations of many security companies since they can lead into serious losses. An American security company expanding in Arab nations is risky than any other since it might mean more war and insecurity as opposed to business. Therefore, an American security company that wants to expand its operations in Africa and middle east may have to consider the possible threats that may affect its personnel welfare, business continuity and shipping among others to determine if they are potential investment areas or not. Expansion of the security Company Operations in Africa and Middle East Expansion of security operations from America to Africa and Middle East markets is a very risky task to undertake. This is because African and Middle East nations are characterized by serious insecurity issues, which mime negatively affect the companies operations. On the other hand, it may increase the company’s performance, since the two regions are characterized by insecurity issues, and hence may require boosting their security in their daily tasks. Therefore, the demand for security in those areas is likely to e high, despite the serious challenges that are likely to be encountered. Security Challenges in Africa and Middle East African nations are frequently dominated by war and other insecurity issues. The Security Council has in many cases addressed insecurity issues and other peace threats around African nations. The most affected nations in Africa are Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Libya, Zimbabwe, Ivory Coast, Somalia, among others. Therefore expanding the se curity company’s operations in those areas may lead the company into facing many challenges, which might lead to loss of its employees together with profits, due to major, risky and intensive operations. The first challenge that the company may encounter is hostility in those nations (Anonymous, 2011). First, American people are seen as a major threat to peace and security in Africa and Middle East, especially in Arab territories. Therefore, such nations may be reluctant to offer those contracts and other job opportunities, besides threatening its existence in their nations. Though America has been in the fore front in trying to restore and maintain peace and security in Africa and Middle East, their efforts are little appreciated, since they lead to more insecurity, as terrorists try to fight them back. Therefore expanding an American security company operation in these regions may not be a wise decision, if the company has goals of future prospects. Secondly, African nation s lack major businesses and other big operations that require the services of a security company. This is because; their economy is still unstable as they are still in the developing stage. Therefore, the demand for such services is still low, and is mainly given to African based security based companies, since they positively viewed by many Africans, thus attracting customers. However, Christian nations may not oppose American security companies, since they have no negative issues with them. On the other hand, they believe that they are better equipped and could therefore offer superior

FEDEX REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FEDEX REPORT - Essay Example As far as product and market destinations are concerned, FedEx is known to offer the second largest civil fleet service across the United States and other Caribbean Islands including Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic (Breiman et al, 2009). There also is FedEx Ground, which is a dedicated courier service for Canada and other North American countries. FedEx also offers customer specification and tailor services including home delivery, custom and insurance provided through FedEx Trade Network, supply chain service, corporate services, print service, as well as FedEx Ship Centers. As a way of ensuring that its products meet customer specification and needs, there is a dedicated FedEx product named FedEx TechConnect, which offers toll free customer support to customers all around the globe. It has been said that through FedEx TechConect, FedEx creates a competitive advantage of learning from within its own rank, why and how it will succeed with its product strategy. Pricing Strategies P ricing has been said to be a very important marketing strategy for the creation of competitive advantage in a globally competing market. ... The price discount on FedEx Ground is one of such popular pricing strategies used by the company to ensure that customers get value for money. What is more, FedEx tries to keep its traditional base cost of service as minimal as possible. For example pick up services are offered by FedEx at a traditional rate of $6 per delivery (Carter, Daniel and Betty, 2006). In relation to key competitors on the American and Canadian market, this traditional cost has been said to be one of the lowest. In addition to the traditional cost offered on pick up services, there is an additional weekly charge of $6 for business locations that make requested pick up services. Placement Strategies In terms of location, FedEx is predominately situated in the United States and Canada. These are where most of its stationery offices are. But thanks to globalization and flight services, this limited placement is not in any way a limitation to the distribution strategy adapted by the company. This is because in it s scheme of distribution strategy, the company operates on a borderless strategy whereby it opens up its service to all continents of the world. To make this strategy sustainable, FedEx has an air fleet service dedicated for an inter-continental goods and mail delivery. Even though the company reports of effectiveness with this distribution strategy, experts have said that FedEx could reach a more deepened mileage with its products and services if the company expanded its placement by way of opening more offices and centers across its key regional markets (Icove, Karl and Vonstorch, 2005). It has been suggested for example that the company had continental head quarters, from which it would operate a more decentralized placement strategy. The advantage of such a decentralized placement

ECO202 SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ECO202 SLP - Essay Example Your answer to this question can give an interesting perspective as to how lobbying can distort economic policy and decisions. CAUTION: I am not looking for general comments that could apply to the country as a whole or any given organization, what I want is comments that are relevant specifically to your organization) Your Full Name Your Prof Name Course Name Date of Submission Lobbying for Novartis Monetary and fiscal policies can have significant impact on business operations of any firm. These policies can not only affect the top line (revenue) of the firm but also several costs and most definitely the bottom line (net profit after tax). With the goals of firms being to maximize profits, government economic policies can have a major role to play in firms booming or going out of business. The role of the lobbyist of a company is then to try to get the government to adopt economic policies that would benefit the firm while at the same time not be detrimental to the economic growth of the country. In order to identify the specific lobbying areas for Novartis, it is first important to understand some key elements about Novartis and how its business is structured. Novartis is a pharmaceutical company (operating in 140 countries) headquartered in Basel, Switzerland and does most of its research and development (R&D) activity in the US.

Production Of A Klashnikov Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Production Of A Klashnikov - Coursework Example The stock of the rifle in it is production is simply made out of wood, which is a non-strategic material, over time, AK-47, have been simplified through the use of spot welding, reducing the number of machined parts 2. One production method I would use to produce the riffle is Izhmash production method which produces around 95 units per hour which is an equal amount of over 1 million units per year. The process is rather cheap and cost effective both in the short run and long run. 3. The manufacturing methods used in mass production in comparison to those used in less developed regions is way very different, in mass production, the methods used are very advanced and fast to produce, new design are being tried and tested so as to improve the future designs while at the same time improve its accuracy and reliability. In less developed region, the manufacturing methods lack the new technology hand in it and thus are faced with the challenge of producing as many numbers as possible. For instance, in Russia the Izhevsk production method is the chief mass manufacture of the riffle, producing in mass numbers and has equally sold over 50 million units since its inception. Fackler M, L., Malinowski ,JA., Hoxie S,W., Jason, A. "Wounding Effects of the AK-47 Rifle Used by Patrick Purdy in the Stockton, California, Schoolyard Shooting of 17 January 1989". American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 11 (3): 185–9. (1990).

707 discussion 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

707 discussion 2 - Assignment Example In addition, tethered PHR also offers patients’ access to medical information and can therefore promote self-care for better quality of health (Health IT, 2013). PHR influence health information exchange though provision of data bank on a patient’s information, from a patient’s records. It therefore promotes communication between a patient and healthcare personnel, with the patient as the source of information. An electronic health record, however, is a maintained database by healthcare facility that uses electronic systems and offers access of the information to authorized care personnel or care facilities. The system therefore facilitates exchange of among healthcare facilities, departments, or healthcare personnel. Consequently, PHR has the advantage of facilitated communication for diagnosis and timely care delivery (Health IT, 2013) while electronic health records has the advantages of minimizing chances of medical mistakes and ensuring appropriate care through updating care personnel (Medicare, n.d.). The main disadvantage of PHR is its limited scope of information transfer and possible unreliability of information source , a patient who may lack medical expertise, while the main disadvantage of electronic health records is possible breach of confidentiality and privacy due to information access by multiple personnel and at multiple access points. Health IT. (2013). Are there different types of personal health records (PHRs)? Health IT. Retrieved from:

Letter of Proposals on Improving Employees Productivity Case Study

Letter of Proposals on Improving Employees Productivity - Case Study Example Employee morale is at an all-time low manifested by resignations, tardiness, low productivity and other employee behaviors that indicate disinterest in their work and company. This is dangerous for the company because it undermines its competitiveness and viability as a business organization. The Research Plan There is an obvious need for management problem to address and arrest this issue among the company’s human resource. For the management implement to be effective however, we need to know what is/are the root cause/s of the employees’ discontent or disinterest with the company and their job. There are two strategies that I intend to use to get feedback and information from the employees. First is the anonymous survey so that employees can honestly provide information about their disenchantment about the management and second, through focus groups that will be conducted by a third party consultants so that employees will not be encumbered by management presence that would prevent from disclosing what they really think and feel. These combined tools will allow the management to double check consistency of findings that will help in determining the real cause of employee’s disenchantment with the company. ... sult of survey Consultant begun their focus group discussions August 2-14 Interpretation of survey results Interpretation of focus group discussions August 16-22 Drafting of report of both the survey result and focus group discussion August 23 Submission of report of the cause of employee morale and recommendation of course of action to address this issue. Qualifications I have taken classes in human resource that focuses on employee motivation and how it relates to performance and productivity. I have also attended leadership workshops on how to make people tick and on how to bring the best of them. I have taken finance classes and I am well aware how low productivity can affect the company’s position in the market. I had some marketing class and know how a poor product can affect the company’s competitiveness. I also taken some summer jobs and is well aware on how employees respond to management implements that they tend to work better if they are motivated. Conclusio n Being in the management, I am certain that you are well aware of the employee’s poor performance and high attrition rate. This proposal does not only intend to determine the root cause of such problem but will also find solution on how the management can address this kind of a problem. The methods applied in determining the root cause of our employee’s problem can also be verified by comparing the consistency of results of the two methods that will be used – survey and third party consultant focus group. The proposal is also time efficient that could produce the necessary information about the issue and its recommendations in less than two months. In effect, the proposal will allow the management to formulate plan of action/s in less than two months. This will put the management in a better

Effective Teamwork Questionnaire Essay Example for Free

Effective Teamwork Questionnaire Essay Answer each question in 200 to 300 words, using specific information from the text, â€Å"Helping Annie†, â€Å"Team Building†, and â€Å"Building a Team of Talent† videos, and your research and experience. 1. What are the characteristics of effective teams? How will you ensure your collaborative team works effectively? Effective team are important, and their functions crucial to their success. I have found that clear goals, relaxed environment, open communication, and freedom to express ideas and feelings are great ways to ensure success. In the video â€Å"Helping Annie†, the dynamics of the team were lost due to lack of information, who was right and who could be trustworthy. When team members meet, they should feel as though they blend in with the group. They should feel a commitment to the goals and achievements to the group. What I know about groups are, that having valued diversity, defined roles, balanced participation, and cooperative relationships help with moving the group to a positive outcome. As a participative leader, as it is said in our eBook Working In Groups, â€Å"there is a balance of primary roles and when team members know their roles, work to their strengths, and actively manage weaknesses.† (Engleberg, 2013, p. 55). I will commit myself to ensuring I respect commitments, consistent communication to the group, collaborate, and contribute to the group’s goals and ideas with valuable information that helps in the decisions. I will also be aware of the group’s diversity, talents and dynamics. I bring knowledge of how to deal with problems, planning techniques and ways to improve myself within the group. 2. How will you deal with behavior that hurts your team’s objectives? With conflict in a group environment, I would handle it with respect, recognition, focused on accountability and be aware of unfulfilled needs of that particular team member. I would not reward the difficult behavior nor would I encourage the disruptive behavior. I believe that if you ignore it or â€Å"sweep it under the mat† it takes time, energy away from the group, and I  would want the group to resolve it quickly. I would make sure that I/we do not citizen or â€Å"brand† that person as a trouble maker. I would work together with the group and the individual and encourage each other to focus on the group’s interests and not individual’s position. It is also important to look for opportunities that encourage and empower each team member in the group. I would express a sensitive listening ear to uncover the root of the problem. Listing out the objectives to the individual and the group and reminding them why we are here and how to accomplish them Practicing direct communications, body language and clarifying questions helps resolve the situation and gives the group clarity to the behavior. In dealing with behavior that is disruptive to the group can be a challenge in itself, however it can be resolved with patients and a good listener. 3. What are your proactive processes to keep a team member up to date if he or she misses a meeting? What are your backup plans if things are not working on your team? There are several great ways to keep a team member up to date. Develop and cultivate easy ways to stay connected with those that miss. Face-to-Face and computer-mediated communications are great ways to reconnect and share ideas, goals and feelings. Face-to-Face provide excellent results in effectiveness, comprehension, and gives opportunities to be educated on the use of technology. It builds up respect, inclusion and grows your professional relationship with the team member and group. Update through venues such as emails, skyping, this can be challenging to coordinate, this provides another source of information. This can save time, money and bring the meeting/information to others that live far away. When things do not work out as they are supposed to, I chose to take a moment and find out where things went areaway. Encourage others to share and discuss what happened and create new plans, goals that incorporate processes that help us stay on track. Back up plans help in always being prepared for when things don’t just right. When setting up your backup plans, tap into the group and find team members that have knowledge and expertise in planning. As I use this, it will set up the entire team in a supportive and positive atmosphere. 4. How will you use technology to support your team’s efforts? What are some  questions you should ask? Working with technology has made it easier to communicate, track the individuals / groups progress and increasing productivity. With using an assortment of media platforms such as emails, Skype, video conferencing,instant messaging, and facetalk. These software programs can assist in better group communication, making decisions, and discussing issues easily. I will educate, create a â€Å"how to† of resources that will include information on each media platform. I would bring the group together in collaboration to see where they are with technology and create a smaller group to assist in the training. As new technology is made available, have continued training and education of the group as to stay current with technology. As with new technology always assessing the software, cell phones, computers, servers and other products are current. This will produce a group that is collaborating, productive, which will benefit the company and group. Asking questions is a great way to understand and know your group. With technology, it is important to find out what media platforms the group are already using. I would also ask how can we stay on task with these different media platforms and which ones work best for the group. Stay consistent with the goal/ objective and have a group that through technology use, becomes one unit! 5. Is your team more task-focused or relationship-focused? Why? What are the implications to your team? I find that our group is a mixture of both task-focused and relationship-focused. I have seen just in the last class that we all want to succeed and grow from each others experience. With having the mixture of the two, the work is defined, and roles expected. There are structures in place; a plan devised and we are organized to meet our tasks. As the group continues to work together, there is a supportive, motivating, and collaborating group. We are concerned with each person ideas, thoughts and actions. With these two types of people in the group, we can be productive, accomplish a lot and have a good time in doing it. Although with task-focused or relationship-focused, set up activities and follow up and follow through. With tasks, you can do it with encouragement and empower each team member to always do their best. Through the recommendations from our text this week, have an agenda, plan out your tasks, involve each team member, listen, and encourage them. By engaging  your team, you can meet the challenges of business head on and with seasoned team members involved you can pull from their experiences and knowledge. They will become confident, learning new skills and lead successful change. REFERENCES Engleberg, Isa. (2013). WorkinWorking in Groups: Communication Principles and Strategies, Sixth Edition, by Isa N. Engleberg and Dianna R. Wynn. Published by Pearson.g in Groups: Communication Principles and Strategies, Sixth Edition, by Isa N. Engleberg and Dianna R. Wynn. Published by Pearson. (6th ed.). : Pearson.

Characteristics That Defines The Tropical Rainforest Geography Essay

Characteristics That Defines The Tropical Rainforest Geography Essay Tropical rainforests are located some distance around the equator and it is one of the earths spectacular wonders. It runs from the tropic of cancer in the northern side of the equator to tropic of Capricorn in the southern part of the equator. Examples of largest known tropical rainforests are found in Brazil (South America), South East Asia, Indonesia (islands near the Indian Ocean), and Democratic Republic of Congo (Africa), and in the Caribbean Islands (Isaac and William, 2007). The largest tropical rainforest is the Amazon rainforest found in the South America and which covers almost two thirds of the United States continent (Malhi and Philips, 2000). Tropical rainforests are defined by their wet climate condition in that it receives 400 to 760 cm of rainfall each year as observed by Morecroft and Keith (pp 298). The climate consists of uninterrupted warm temperatures, high humidity and high rainfalls. Its temperatures range between 25 to 30 Degrees Celsius. This paper will look at the climate that exists in the tropical rainforest and how it affects the growth of a variety of plants in the tropical rainforest. The tropical rainforests made is made up of mostly wet seasons and its climatologic regions lie within the inter-tropical convergence zone. The different types of rainforests are categorized according to the different types of weathers they experience during the year and considering their geographical location (Osterndort et al, 2001). These rainforests includes the monsoon, subtropical and the equatorial type. The rain is experienced almost every day and it lies between 1500 to 2500mm throughout the year. The temperatures vary during the day and night in that during the day, the temperatures range between 30 to 35 degrees Celsius while during the night, the temperature drops to between 19 and 24 degrees Celsius. The type of climate experienced in the tropical rainforest is the equatorial climate and it is characterized by high relative humidity ranging from 77% to 88% and this supports a variety of plant species (Martinelli et al, pp 1107). The tropical rainforest is filled with green vegetables throughout the seasons because of the high rate of rainfall which encourages growth of trees that form canopies which provide shade to other plants and animals living in the area. The atmosphere is always humid, hot and damp due to the canopies that are formed from the trees. The rainforest provides a home to different types of animals and contains many species of plants more than any other type of vegetation areas known. Its climate has no pronounced summer and winter in that the temperature differences between the day and night is observed to be larger than the differences in temperature between summer and winter. The climatic characteristics that defines the tropical rainforest includes average daily temperature of around 27 degrees Celsius, the diurnal temperature change is between 2 and 5 degrees Celsius, the latitude comes under the doldrums low pressure belt all the year round, the rainfall is usually convection al and finally the midday sun is always near the vertical and is overhead twice a year at the equinoxes. The rainforest soils are not usually fertile and this is because the continuous rains wash away the valuable nutrients. The daily weather cycle of the tropical rainforest begins in the morning when the sun shines, heats up the ground making hot and wet air rise in the atmosphere then in the afternoon, the dark clouds brings the rain and thunderstorms in the rainforest and this cycle is repeated continuously each day resulting to an ever wet area (Lewis, 2006). The rainforest is made up four layers namely; the emergent layer, the canopy, the understory and lastly the plants that make up the forest floors. Firstly, the emergent layer consists of a small number of trees that are tall which is referred to as Emergents. The trees grow above the canopy that is has been created by the other trees and reaches to a height of about 54m. These trees are adapted to withstand strong winds and high temperatures from the direct sunlight. It is usually in habited by eagles, monkeys, bats and some butterflies. Secondly, we have the canopy layer which also consists of tall trees of height 45m maximally. The canopy is estimated to contain an almost 50% of different plant species as it has been discovered to be the densest area of biodiversity. It contains epiphytic plants which attach themselves to tree trunks and branches for support. These plants also obtain water and mineral salts from rain and debris that is collected from the other supporting plants in the canopy region (Schneider and Root, pp 710). Thirdly, we have the understory layer which is located in the region between the forest floor and the canopy. These area forms a habitat to snakes, lizards, leopards, boa constrictors, birds and other predators. The region does not receive enough sunlight due to the canopy layer above it in that approximately, the under story receives 5% of total sunlight. It is sometimes referred to as a shrub layer. The last layer is the forest floor which is estimated to receive only 2% of sunlight. The area is characterized by low vegetations because of the relatively low sunlight penetration and only plants that are adapted to low light survive in this region. The rate of decay in plants and animal matter are sped up by the availability of warm and humid conditions. The presence of fungi also speeds up the rate of decay of plants and animals. For many years it was thought that plants in the tropical rainforest were unaffected by the equatorial climate but recent studies indicated that the warm temperatures of tropical rainforest affected the growth of a variety of plants in the region. Lewis (pp 198), stated that the drier conditions in the cloud forest could lead to extinction of some species of plants more especially the orchids. He also monitored tree growth, tropical temperatures and level of carbon dioxide released as a result of high humidity and warm climate. His researches on the matter revealed that the tropical rainforest trees gave off more carbon dioxide than they could use and this resulted to a change in the composition of forest. He also noted that the trees at times grew at a slower rate when the nights were warm. Other studies by Osterndort et al (2001) indicated that some trees grew at a faster rate when the level of carbon dioxide rose while other tree types declined in vitality. Lewis (pp 200), indicated that an increase of carbon dioxide in the tropical rainforest was the main reason for the abrupt shifts in species growth and this, he noted, could lead to serious ecological repercussions in the area experiencing these. The type of climate experienced in the tropical rainforest has made plants growing in the area to adapt themselves so that they can survive the existing conditions such as growth of bushes and canopies. Examples of such plants and how they have adapted themselves includes; lianas which have thick vines that loops around the trunk of trees to reach the top and receive sunlight. Usually their stems come in different shapes and varying length. Their life begins from the forest floor but they grow upwards depending on trees for support until they reach to the top of the tall trees. When they reach at the top, they then spread towards other lianas and trees and wound themselves tightly so that they can be in a position to resists strong winds. Another type of plant in found in the warm environment of tropical rainforest is the fern. The ferns grow in the forest floor as they are well adapted to survive on such a condition. Apart from these, we also have the epiphytes or air plants which perch themselves high on the branches as they become detached from the ground. They begin their life from the canopy from seeds taken there by wind or birds. Some of the tallest trees have buttress roots system which ensures total stability against strong wind and to increase the surface area under which they obtain their nutrients from (Morecroft and Keith, 2009). The diversity in plant species is said to be highest in the tropical rainforest region and it is the responsibility of individuals to ensure that the trees are maintained to allow growth of these trees. Tropical rainforest is reported to maintain a clear environment that is safe for human stay in that it uses up all the carbon dioxide in the air and releases a clean atmosphere. Conclusion Conclusively, it has been observed from the above that the equatorial climate in the tropical rainforest favors the growth of a variety of plant species. It is noted that the tropical rainforest is the largest ecological area that supports and gives a habitat to a diversity if plants and animals. The climatic changes have been observed by Malhi and Philips (2000), to be unchanging and are characterized by high levels of rainfall and high humidity. The climatic condition has created the emergence of different layers which contains a variety of plant species making it one of the earths most spectacular scenery.

Importance Of A Teaching Philosophy Education Essay

Importance Of A Teaching Philosophy Education Essay Alhamdulillah, my teaching experience began when I was still a student in secondary school. The recess and breaks were the occasions for me to involve myself in the teaching process. This continued at home whereby I used to get phone calls from my friends to explain about a particular topic from subjects like mathematics, physics and chemistry. After graduating from college, I worked for six months as teacher in a private secondary school in my locality before engaging myself into tertiary studies. Hence, I could say that working as a teacher after my graduation from university is something I would consider as normal. Actually, I am in my fifth year as an educator and Alhamdulillah, I had the experience of working in three different schools with students, both boys and girls, from different socio-cultural backgrounds. In the following chapters, I would like to share my teaching philosophy. But first, the importance of developing ones teaching philosophy will be discussed. Chapter Two Importance of a Teaching Philosophy A teaching philosophy statement is a systematic and critical rationale that focuses on the important components defining effective teaching and learning in a particular discipline and/or institutional context (Schonwetter et all, 2002, p.84). According to Campos (2010, p.2), it states our learning experiences, goals, beliefs, level of professionalism and self-development among many other elements. As for Natasha Kenny (2008, p.8), an educational developer at the University of Guelph, a teaching philosophy statement clearly and logically communicates what your fundamental values and beliefs are about teaching and learning, why you hold these values and beliefs, and how you translate these values and beliefs into your everyday teaching and learning experiences. Regarding the importance of developing a teaching philosophy, Coppola (2002, p.450) states that the teaching statement gives you a starting point for examining your teaching practices, allows you to share your ideas with others, and allows you to monitor the progress of your own development as a teacher. Brookfield (1990) identified four different purposes in developing a teaching philosophy. These purposes are: Personal purpose; it is good that your teaching philosophy reflects why you are doing what you are doing. Political purpose; your teaching philosophy needs to show that your position is grounded in a well-developed and carefully philosophy of practice. This helps you to gain respect, which is important to grow yourself in the political area. Professional purpose; your teaching philosophy needs to show your professional goals to develop an identity that will help you to improve the development of professional strengths among other teachers. Pedagogical purpose; teaching is about growing and finding new ways to develop your lessons according to the learners needs, so your teaching philosophy should show what effect you are having on students and on their learning? Chapter Three My Teaching Philosophy 3.1 Teaching in General Teaching should be such that what is offered is perceived as a valuable gift rather than a hard duty Albert Einstein Alhamdulillah, since I began teaching, I had the occasion to teach different subjects, besides Mathematics, like English Literature, Computer Studies and Integrated Science to students with a broad range of needs, knowledge, and cultural backgrounds. Apart from working as educator in colleges, I also try to help my friends and others outside school. Moreover, I used to give a special course on Tajweed to my brothers of the Islamic faith in the mosque. I once had the opportunity to teach a friend who was undertaking his undergraduate degree in Mathematics and he was older than me. Several important general principles that I try to use in my teaching practice can be formulated as follows: No matter how experienced a teacher is, every new class and every new student pose a challenge. For excellence in teaching, there is always room for improvement. A teacher has to appeal to different learning styles, to offer a variety of instructional experiences, and to keep an open mind to new teaching techniques to give every student the opportunity to participate fully and actively in the learning process. Being a successful teacher depends on creating a learning environment with the open exploration of ideas, a relationship in which students feel respected as well as challenged. Students should be encouraged to stretch themselves a bit beyond their level of comfort and be given an opportunity to leave every class feeling that they have overcome a new challenge successfully. Teaching should be an integral component of the creation of new knowledge, an initial step toward continuing education, and first of all, self-education. Though student satisfaction is important for better learning, teaching especially in mathematics should not become a popularity contest, or a show. A teacher is responsible to the society in general, and should resist the pressure of lowering academic standards in education. 3.2 Teaching of Mathematics We could use up two Eternities in learning all that is to be learned about our own world and the thousands of nations that have arisen and flourished and vanished from it.   Mathematics alone would occupy me eight million years Mark Twain Mathematics is like draughts [checkers] in being suitable for the young, not too difficult, amusing, and without peril to the state Plato Being a mathematics teacher as well as a lover of the subject, there are some features of mathematics that makes it a very special discipline. To name a few: Mathematics is an excellent intellectual game where all the players win. Mathematics is also a model that can be used for developing independent and critical thinking. Mathematics can be seen as a language that allows us to communicate ideas precisely between ourselves. Lastly, mathematics is a tool used in natural sciences and, thus, a required discipline for many students. The above statements alone motivate me to share my mathematical knowledge, among others, to my students. However, my goals for teaching mathematics are many. Firstly, communicate to my students that mathematics is a fun and improve their confidence about mathematics as well as reducing their anxiety about mathematics. Other goals are: Detect and fill gaps in students prior math knowledge Develop a mathematical sense about quantities, geometry, and symbols Develop a variety of problem-solving strategies and basic computational skills Enable and empower students Enable students to make judgments based on quantitative information, to prove basic results, to read mathematics effectively and to understand their own thought processes Encourage a broader interest in mathematics Ensure that students really understand concepts Establish constructive student attitudes about mathematics Facilitate acquisition of life-long learning skills Foster a desire to ask mathematics questions, critical thinking, student discovery of mathematics and foster understanding of the proofs of key theorems Teach the beauty of mathematics Help students learn the key theorems and their applications Improve students understanding of technology Improve students writing abilities Increase the number of mathematics majors as well as the students mathematical knowledge Model expert problem-solving Motivate students to make an effort to learn mathematics Open the doors to other opportunities for students Prepare future mathematicians, students for technical careers and students to be knowledgeable adults Teach applications to other fields; especially for abstract subjects like vectors whereby students often ask the question: where will vectors used us in our life? Teach calculator and computer skills, fundamental concepts, generalizing, logical reasoning, mathematical writing, predicting, problem-solving and proof-reading of mathematics Teach students how to translate back and forth between words and mathematics Teach students to work collaboratively It is, unfortunately, very difficult to try to show the real beauty of mathematics in the framework of most existing curricula as they are designed to feed students with often more facts than anyone could swallow. Just covering the required material usually takes a bit more time than is available. Another problem is that mathematics as a language can be quite technical, and to formulate something meaningful, one has to spend years learning rules of the mathematical grammar first. I consider mathematics to be a challenging subject to teach, which makes it especially attractive for me. I try to use every possibility to expose students to the exciting world of mathematics, often implicitly, so they may not even notice it at first. I think that students participation is crucial for learning mathematics. 3.3 Teaching Styles and Methods My mathematics classroom features multiple of methods of instruction that depends on: the subject matter of the lesson, that is, the topic to be taught and my experience with how individual students and classes best learn mathematics. On some occasions, the student-centred approach or whole-class discussions are undertaken while on other occasions, small-group investigations are carried out and still others see individuals working one-on-one with another student or with me. This classroom interaction helps build relationships between my students and I and simultaneously, among the students themselves. These various classroom practices help address the varied learning styles found in the mathematics classroom. Furthermore, I prepare my classes meticulously, but I like to improvise whenever possible. I dislike being interrupted during my explanation but I love it when the students ask questions afterwards; and I congratulate them for any good questions and comments. I open each session with a brief reminder of the previous sessions material and an outline of the days topic, and I typically conclude with a summary of key points. There is a special session for review before every major test. I usually speak clearly, loudly, and slowly, but enthusiastically. Students are encouraged to learn from each other as their grades are not curved, thus, students are not competing with their classmates. In some classes, especially my Integrated Science classes, I give group projects and homework, depending on the topic being covered. When possible, I distribute solutions to homework problems, quizzes, and tests. To reduce students anxiety about tests, I normally give my students revision exercises before any major test and I encourage them to work extra problems on their own and come to see me for any problems. I do not consider memorization to be the most important in mathematics classes; this is why I make and encourage my students a lot to practice maximum number of problems. If the curriculum would have allowed it, I would make all my tests open-book/notes. Assignments and projects are naturally integrated into my courses. I spend time explaining the assignments and solving similar problems in class for further discussion. 3.4 Use of Technology I remember that once I was in a meeting with my above seventy year old rector and he told me: In my time, when we had to do a mathematical calculation, we used the logarithm table and he asked me whether I knew how to use the logarithm table! Alhamdulillah, today we have the electronic calculator. This little piece of technology is the only electronic device that our students can use in their studies as the different curricula do not cater for the use of other electronic devices in the examination room. I would have loved to see a change in these curricula which would enable more the use of technology in the learning of mathematics. Personally, I am a great fan of the newest educational software that may be used in the teaching and learning process. At present, to use mathematical software at college would appear unrealistic but I hope to find a change soon in the curricula which will make it real. However, students first need to understand that technology is a tool, much like a comp ass or a protractor, and that technology must be used only as a tool. Central to my use of technology in the classroom is the idea that students must understand what they are doing mathematically even when they use technology as an aid. As mentioned earlier, the most ubiquitous piece of technology in and out of the classroom is the electronic calculator. While the calculator can be a useful tool to lessen the drudgery of calculations, it is important for students to be able to function without it. This does not mean that calculators should not be used, but rather that students should have some intuition about whether an answer is reasonable. The use of calculators and other technology can improve a students intuition of mathematics and mathematical reasoning. While most exercises in a statistics class have relatively small data sets, using premade data sets and computer programs allows students to gain real experience with professional tools and helps them visualize trends. The use of computer software with prepared examples is very useful for in-class visualizations in different courses, such as differential equations, calculus, and even pre-calculus. While doing the assignment for the module Instructional Technolo gy for my Bed Course, I came across software called Yenka which provides simulations. I really appreciated the part on probability where while explaining the different outcomes when tossing two coins, there a simulation actually tossing the two coins. I hope, insha Allah, to use it when I explaining this topic t my students in the near future. With the advent of tablet PCs, I am hopeful, insha Allah, that it is only a matter of time before the use of mathematical software and online examination at secondary level will be implemented. But, at the same time, I strongly oppose the abuse of technology. There are courses in mathematics, where students need to learn how to use their brain rather than calculators/computers. In my short experience in teaching, I came across an HSc (Higher School Certificate) student doing the simple arithmetic problem using a calculator!!! 3.5 My Best Personal Achievement Facilitate things to people and do not make it hard for themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Prophet Muhammad (Peace and Blessing of God Almighty be upon Him) I sincerely believe that the best academic performance of a student is not to see the high-flyer student being ranked first at the end of the year but rather to see the low-achiever student able to answer almost all questions of the same exam paper correctly at the end of the year and have a very good result, regardless of his/her overall rank. At my school, the concept of streaming is applied to separate the best students, often labeled as the high-flyers, and those less able students, often labeled as low-achiever students (some proponents of the Marxist view will disagree totally with this concept). Last year, I had the opportunity to work with the less able students of Form I and Form II, teaching Integrated Science. Alhamdulillah, I was motivated but I could that a lot of these students lack motivation. Furthermore, some of them came from poor socio-background and some came from broken families. There was even a child who repeated Form I! So, at first it seems very difficult to expect that half of them would understand the different topics even more so that they would pass their final year exam. After all, we are talking about Science which supposedly is a subject for the intelligent students. I figured out that I should use a different approach with them. Finally, I opted for the Learning by Fun concept. It required much more energy from me but Alhamdulillah, I do not regret for one second all the energy used that year when working with these students as the reason is obvious; almost all pupils not only passed the final year examination but they actually obtained very good results Masha Allah. The icing on the cake was when the head of the science department informed me that the rector was very pleased with the result. 3.6 Concluding Notes I believe that each child is a unique individual who needs a secure, caring, and stimulating atmosphere in which to grow and mature emotionally, intellectually, physically, and socially. It is my desire as an educator to help students meet their fullest potential in these areas by providing an environment that is safe, supports risk-taking, and invites a sharing of ideas. There are three essential elements that I believe are conducive to establishing such an environment, the teacher acting as a guide, allowing the childs natural curiosity to direct his/her learning, and promoting respect for all things and all people. When the teachers role is to guide, providing access to information rather than acting as the primary source of information, the students search for knowledge is met as they learn to find answers to their questions. For students to construct knowledge, they need the opportunity to discover for themselves and practice skills in authentic situations. Providing students access to hands-on activities and allowing adequate time and space to use materials that reinforce the lesson being studied creates an opportunity for individual discovery and construction of knowledge to occur. Equally important to self-discovery is having the opportunity to study things that are meaningful and relevant to ones life and interests. Developing a curriculum around student interests fosters intrinsic motivation and stimulates the passion to learn. Helping students to develop a deep love and respect for themselves, others, and their environment occurs through an open sharing of ideas and a judicious approach to discipline. When the voice of each student is heard, and environment evolves where students feel free to express themselves. Class meetings are one way to encourage such dialogue. I believe children have greater respect for their teachers, their peers, and the lessons presented when they feel safe and sure of what is expected of them. In setting fair and consistent rules initially and stating the importance of every activity, students are shown respect for their presence and time. In turn they learn to respect themselves, others, and their environment. For me, teaching provides an opportunity for continual learning and growth. One of my hopes as an educator is to instill a love of learning in my students, as I share my own passion for learning with them. I feel there is a need for compassionate, strong, and dedicated individuals who are excited about working with children. In our competitive society it is important for students to not only receive a solid education, but to work with someone who is aware of and sensitive to their individual needs. Alhamdulillah, I am such a person and will always strive to be the best educator that I can be.

Liberalization :: essays research papers

Is liberalizing Waynia in the best interest of the country I believe it definitely is. When you look at all the positives that come from being a part of a liberalized country, it is the clear-cut choice. Free trade is something that comes with being liberal. When you see how free trade can open up so many new markets to you and your country, you’ll see that it is the only choice. Along with free trade, you need to look at how conservatives think that input into political matters when you’re not a noble or king is bad. Liberal belief is that contribution of thoughts and ideas coming from all people is a good thing. If you have an idea about how you could reduce taxes, or how you could remove tariffs restricting your business then by all means, let it out. That is the great thing about liberalization; freethinking is encouraged to help better supply your country with your own opinions. The final thing I want to harp on is freedom from religious persecution. You no longer have to worry about who to worship, or how to worship, but rather take into account all religious thoughts and chose for yourself what suits you best.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From a financial point of view, now that you’re in an industrialized nation, wealth is no longer associated with only the land you possess. Now that a currency is used to represent your wealth, you’re going to want as much as possible. Liberalization preaches free trade, and free trade is the building blocks for a successful business. If you look at the second article in the Declaration of the Rights of Man, you’ll see that you have the right to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. This means that you have the right to trade and barter with whomever you choose. With this freedom you have the opportunity to get the highest asking price when selling your product because you’re not limited to who you can and can not sell or trade with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Article eleven in the Declaration of the Rights of Man states â€Å"The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law.† What that’s telling you is that your ideas and opinions are important to the country.

Medical Anthropology Essay examples -- Medicine Culture Environment Es

Medical Anthropology Introduction and Description: My topic, Medical Anthropology, is a field of study that uses culture, religion, education, economics/infrastructure, history, and the environment as a means to evaluate and understand "cross-cultural perspectives, components, and interpretations of the concept of health" (Society for Medical Anthropology, pg. 1). To further introduce Medical Anthropology, I will reiterate highlights of my previous presentations. Early on in Turkey, I asked each person in our program the following question: "I would like you to tell me about health and what it means to you?" The answers to this question varied widely, making it difficult to define a global conception of health. In analyzing the answers, I established the following five components of health: †¢ Nutrition patterns and lifestyle habits. †¢ Environment and living conditions. †¢ Access to and the quality of healthcare provided. †¢ Interrelationships among and between patients, medical providers, friends and family. †¢ Causes and impacts of illness. In addition, the concept of health can be seen from two different perspectives. First, as a tool, meaning health's value as a form of wealth that should not be taken for granted. Second, health as a product or goal, that people strive to reach and maintain. The four goals of my project were to: 1) Develop a global conception of health. 2) Acquire a basic understanding of each country's health system and it's individual philosophy of healing. 3) Determine what treatments a culture values, rejects, and the extent to which its people use alternative medicine. †¢ Compare and contrast my findings in each country to each other count... ...ion techniques. In addition, research for this project enabled me to identify five essential elements for acquiring cross cultural competency which I will use as guidelines in conflict resolution in my future occupation: †¢ Valuing diversity †¢ Having the capacity for cultural self-assessment †¢ Being conscious of the dynamics inherent when cultures interact †¢ Having institutionalized culture knowledge †¢ Having developed adaptations to service delivery reflecting an understanding of cultural diversity In summary, this independent project has just begun my study of Medical Anthropology and has established a solid background to further my progress toward reaching one of my professional goals: to be a collaborative healthcare provider. This goal will be further developed as I begin the nursing program at St. Olaf's College next fall.

The Global Pharmaceutical Market Forecast Essays -- International Phar

MARKET OVERVIEW The global pharmaceutical market is a multibillion-dollar industry. The 10 largest drug companies control over one-third of the market, several with sales of more than $10B a year and profit margins of 30%. Six of these companies are based in the U.S. and four are in Europe. It is predicted that North and South America, Europe, and Japan will continue to dominate by accounting for 85% of the world’s pharmaceutical market. Companies currently spend one-third of all sales revenue on marketing, which is roughly twice of what they spent on R&D (â€Å"Pharmaceutical Industry†). The cost of innovation proves to be very high as the drug business is very risky; 1 out of 10,000 discovered compounds are approved for sale. Since 2001, the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research averaged 22.9 approvals per year. Only 3 out of 20 approved drugs bring in adequate revenue to cover the R&D costs and only 1 out of 3 approved drug generate enough revenue to cover previous failures. Accor ding to a study by Bain & Company, the cost of discovering, developing, and launching a new drug rose to approximately $1.7 billion in 2003, taking into account opportunity costs, marketing, and other business expenses (â€Å"Pharma Markets†). SUPPLY The major factor affecting supply is the advancement of technology. The development of simulation and data analysis tools condenses the drug’s process time from development to full-scale production. Process tomography and high frequency camera systems help hasten products from clinical trial stage to commercial availability. Integrated sensors are being used to monitor the performance and quality parameters of drug manufacturing processes on a real-time basis in order to ensure the quality of the medicine ... ...http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story073/en/index.html>. Prest, Richard. "Real Demand Forecasting." Pharmaceutical Industry. PharmaManufacturing.com, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. . Schacht, Wendy H., and John R. Thomas. Patent Law and Its Application to the Pharmaceutical Industry. Rep. no. RL30756. The Library of Congress, 10 Jan. 2005. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. . Silverman, Ed. "Global Drug Spending Is Forecast To Rebound." Pharmalot. PharmaLive.com, 12 July 2012. Web. 15 Mar. 2013. . Vogel, Ronald J. "The Demand for Pharmaceuticals." Pharmaceutical Economics and Public Policy. New York: Pharmaceutical Products, 2007. 90-108. Print.

Compare how two television programmes you have studied offer comic representation of gender

In this essay I intend to use two sitcoms to answer the question. Gender representation is a major part of many sitcoms and I will be looking into why this is, and how they are represented comically. I will be using an episode of Absolutely Fabulous and an episode of Keeping Up Appearances to provide me with examples to support my ideas and opinions. * Absolutely Fabulous- Eddie- comical features: Over dressed, flamboyant & eccentric appearance No sense of moral or political correctness (buying merchandise from African villages) Physical behaviour- poor co-ordination of arms and hands- looks comical- lots of movement. (Example- when arrives late in & faces questioning from Saffy) Voice-sounds younger than she is & talks like she is younger- comical because trying to hide from her real age Language- talks like a teenager, talks to daughter like she is her mum (role reversal) Also degrading to daughter, loud and immature behaviour. Not stereotypical mum- quite the opposite, stereotypical teenager. (mood swings & behaviour, dress etc) Main interest is men- questions Saffy about when she will finally get a boyfriend. Generally most of her features are exaggerated to increase comical value. Saffy- Comical features: Very boring/ sensible dress sense, dull colours & appearance- even though a teenager. Sensible & boring- role reversal with her mum- example- when telling mum off about returning home late. Body language- reserved, sensible, quiet and controlled. Tries to make deals & compromise with her mum- role reversal again. Also with Patsy- T.V show. Well spoken, doesn't use slang, swear or shout. Stereotypical mum, portrayed through a daughter 9role reversal with her mum) Relies heavily on Saffy. Generally most of her features are exaggerated to increase comical value. Patsy- Comical Features: Shows how women can get wherever they want- slept with her Boss to get a better job. Pretends to be professional. Dresses like she's on a catwalk- completely inappropriate & ridiculous. Uses too much make up & has an overdone hairstyle. Addicted to cigarettes and alcohol. Tries to use and manipulate Saffy- uses sob story to make her appear on T.V show. Appears to be very shallow with not much of a life & few friends- when she is desperate to go to lunch with Eddie, as has no one else to go with. Generally most of her features are exaggerated to increase comical value. Other notes: Patsy and Eddie- more than best friends, rely on & need each other. Magazine editors- all similar to Patsy. Some appear very aristocratic. Main editor- very professional, smartly dressed, busy, taking what some would perceive as a male role. Patsy and Eddie try to get as much free stuff as they can from the building- demonstrates that although they behave like the others, they cant afford to live the lifestyle or dress the same. T.V show- Presenter is typical morning T.V presenter- dress, behaviour and style. Very awkward situation & patsy doesn't know what to do or say, and fails to appreciate the situation- national television. Keeping Up Appearances Hyacinth- Self obsessed, eccentric & extremist. Overpowering and controlling. She is embarrassed of her family except for her rich sister. Very Snobbish. Tries to show off to visitors and family/ friends. Obsessed with material goods & values as well as appearances. Centre of attention. Speaks freely & says what she thinks about others, unaware of others feelings. Richard- Does as he is told, also finds Hyacinth dominating and overpowering. Puts her before his job although it should be the other way round, he finds it difficult to say no to her. Highly sarcastic. Elizabeth- She does not like Hyacinth and is very nervous around her- does not want to do or say the wrong thing. Discusses Hyacinth with her Husband- make jokes and dislike her, particularly Emmet. Daisy- Poor appearance, obviously no money. Tries to do & say the right thing for Hyacinth, like Elizabeth, very nervous around her. Daisy's husband- Very poor appearance, unaware or not bothered. Dislikes Hyacinth. However is not that uncomfortable around her- tries to take biscuits from tin. Again, as with Richard, dry & sarcastic humour. Other Notes: more than gender issues- family & social as well. Hyacinth is centre of attention for all wrong reasons. Hyacinth and Richard have different values in life (far more material) to Daisy and her husband. Conclusion. I conclude that representation of gender is a major part of these two sitcoms. In absolutely fabulous, gender representation is used to make comical situations of women, but underneath, there is a moral and it is saying this is how women are and have ended up but that not all end up this way. It is showing the viewer how women can be, although this is a highly exaggerated situation, I'm sure many can relate to, or know somebody who relates to at least one of the characters in the show. It focus more on gender representation between family and close friends. However, Keeping Up Appearances focuses more on the gender representation and its comical values between relatives and neighbours from different social classes. Again, as with Ab Fab, it mostly features women and the comical features between them, and men play a smaller role.

‘Manhunt’ written by Simon Armitage Essay

Introduction: In the poem ‘manhunt’ written by Simon Armitage, the poet uses form, structure and linguistic devices to convey the meaning of the poem. As the title of the poem suggests, the poem is written from the perspective a woman trying to find the person her husband was once, before he got injured. This poem explaines how War can cause Physical, emotional and psychological pain and how that can affect an intimate relationship. Structure: 13 stanzas of couplets each with irregular rhyme and rythm, which emphasises how mixed up and irregular their lives are as a result of the war. Structure: The poet also uses structure effectively to convey the meaning of the poem. As he introduces Different injuries in each couplet. Structure: The reader explores the husband’s body and mind the same way the wife has done. Each stanza consists of only two lines, this could represent how carefully the wife has to be around the husband in order not to hurt him, or to trigger a horrific memory of the past. The repetition of ‘and’ in several stanzas shows that this is an active process and only can the wife try and help her husband a little. The repetition of ‘only then†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ suggests the slow painstaking process of trying to mend his wounds. Language: Armitage uses imagery effectively to portray the meaning of the poem, this is done by the use of metaphors , ‘the damaged, porcelain collar-bone’ this quote is saying how precious his collar bone is, and how breakable it is. The ‘porcelain’ emphasises how fragile her husband is and how careful she has to be around him.The poet cleverly uses a recount style that allows the speaker to reflect on her relationship with her husband. Evidence to support this is when she speaks of â€Å"the frozen river that ran through his face† the use of metaphors is powerful and emotive and highlights her feeling at this time.‘The parachute silk of his punctured lung’ is another metaphor used to describe the man’s injuries. Parachutes are used in military, a punctured parachute will be useless as it will not do its job. This could suggest that the man is now, in this state, no use as he feels nothing, againg going back to ‘the frozen river which ran through his face’ indicating everything has stopped and not moving – he has no emotions. My personal Opinion: In conclusion this poem makes me feel sympathetic because of their situation. A quote to support this is: â€Å"the hurt of his grazed heart† which conveys pain to the reader.

Issues of Politcs and Pubic Administration Dichotomy

Issues of Political Dichotomy and Public Administration Genyne Coleman South University Online Patricia Wright Kelly, J. , & Wanna, J. (2000). New public management and the politics of government budgeting. International Public Management Review, 1(1), 33-54. Retrieved from http://www3. imp. unisg. ch/org/idt/†¦ /IPMR_1_1_BUDGETING. pdf The article examines the New Public Management (NPM) to address government budget conflicts using the guardian-spender framework of political scientist Aaron Wildavsky’s.Wildavsky explains traditional budgetary politics as missing structure and formal procedure of financial control which resulted in the the dichotomous relationship of guardians and spenders. The guardian and spender relationship is examined under NPM that suggest they are forced to perform together rather than separate which makes for a streamline budget process. (Kelly & Wanna, 2000, â€Å"successful budgeting is portrayed as a product of ongoing guardian and spender rel ations: both roles are legitimate and necessary in resolving budget decisions.Dividing functions and responsibilities between spenders and guardians enables specialization, increases predictability and, therefore, reduces complexity in budget decision-making (p. 34)†. The article describes the current usefulness of guardian and spender as an effective evaluation tool The research used in this article encompasses different budgeting conflicts and strategies used by parliament and government.The relevance of the article to the research of dichotomy in politics and public administration is important as it examines the history of budgetary practices, conflicts, and its evolvement. The author presents an insightful and well drafted interpretation of forward thinking budgetary processes. Hildebrand, D. (2008). public administration as pragmatic, democratic,and objective. Public Administration Review, 222-229. Retrieved from http://www. academia. edu/597816/Public_administration_as_p ragmatic_democratic_

Macroeconomics and its study with relevance to china

SummaryIn accordance to the formulation of latest economic data juxtaposed with macroeconomic principals and theories it can be stated that at the start of 2006, the People's Republic of China officially proclaimed itself as the fourth largest economy, determined by USD-exchange rate leaving behind France and the United Kingdom. The People's Republic of China has an economy, which is graded as the fourth largest economy in the world, when measured by nominal GDP. According to the records of 2005, about 70% of China's GDP is in the private sector.IntroductionAccording to The Star Business, it is estimated by the financial specialists of Pricewaterhouse Coopers that, â€Å"China could overtake the United States by 2025 to be the world’s largest economy and is anticipated to grow to about 130% the size of the United States by 2050†.[1] (The Star, 2008) it can well be stated that the basis of this statement is completely dependent on the microeconomic theories related to fi nance and particularly the quantity theory of money.In general, it can be stated that Macroeconomics is a subdivision of economics that has its transactions with the behavior, structure and performance in terms of regional or national economy. Aggregated indicators price indices, unemployment rates and GDP are the prime factors of this subject along with several other variables such as international finance, international trade, investment, savings, inflation, unemployment, consumption, output and national income.The current article analyzes the trends of Chinese finance market and applies the quantity theory of money and the momentum or velocity of its circulation in Chinese market and beyond. The equation of exchange i.e. M. V=P.Y is applied in this case to yield the forecast. In accordance to the formulation it can be stated that China's National Bureau of Statistics in December 2005 recalculated its 2004 nominal GDP raised by 16.8% or Rmb2, 336.3 billion (US$281.9 billion), maki ng China the 6th largest economy in the world, leave behind Italy, with a GDP of almost $2 trillion USD. At the start of 2006, the People's Republic of China officially proclaimed itself as the fourth largest economy, determined by USD-exchange rate leaving behind France and the United Kingdom. (Edelman, 2005)DiscussionAt the beginning of 2006 China arises as the second largest economy in the world determined by domestic PPP (purchasing power) measure, at about $10 trillion USD, although such approximation must be taken with a great deal of warn as PPP estimation is very vague, more than ever in a huge country like China, Chinese acquiring capacity varies radically between Shanghai and Sichuan, and PPP is immaterial for imported products and overseas acquisitions. By the end of 2008, China foresee (determined by exchange rate) to go beyond Germany as the third largest economy, and to overtake Japan by the year 2015. (IMF, 2007) Thus, it is certain that China is fast becoming a globa l super power, at least economically as the quantity theory of money suggests and as calculated by the financial specialists of Pricewaterhouse based on this theory.The People's Republic of China has an economy, which is graded as the fourth largest economy in the world, when measured by nominal GDP. Its cost-effective productivity for 2006 was $2.68 trillion USD.   Its per capita GDP is rising rapidly. According to the records of 2005, about 70% of China's GDP is in the private sector. The less significant public sector is occupied by about two hundred large state enterprises concerted mainly in utilities, energy resources, and heavy industries.Since 1978 the People's Republic of China (PRC) government has been restructuring its economy from a Soviet-style centrally planned economy, where the state or government have the sole power over the issue of production and takes all decisions about their utilization and about the dissemination of income, to a new market-oriented economy, in which the manufacture and dissemination of goods and services is done through the system of free markets directed by a gratis price system.Within the political skeleton, given by the Communist Party of China this economic system has been termed as Socialism with Chinese characteristics and is a category of mixed economy. Since 1978 after the implementation of these reforms, millions of people have been elevated out of poverty, bringing down the poverty rate from 53% of populace in 1981 to 8% by 2001. (Kar, 2006)Thus it is clearly seen that the velocity of money is fast gaining momentum and when the equation of M. V=P.Y is applied it is clear that growth is tangible and constant.The record of China’s progress over the past two decades has demonstrated naysayer wrong and optimists not positive enough. Upon close assessment, China’s record loses some of its sheen. China’s economic presentation since 1979, for example, is in fact less imposing than that of its Ea st Asian competitors. Regardless of China's distinguished economic progress, its per capita and total GDP growth has been over taken by some nations.From 1999 to 2006, Russia's minimal per capita GDP increased from $1334 to $6879 (515 percent), while that in People's Republic China increased from $870 to $2000 (229 percent). Similarly impressive are some oil producing nations of Middle Eastern, such as Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Brunei. Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Angola had outpaced China in utilizing huge energy coffers in the same time.On the other hand, Equatorial Guinea, an African country recorded 79% percent real GDP augmentation in 2004. Even some countries in Asia such as Vietnam have made GDP triple between 1999 and 2006 in ostensible per capita dollar basis, astonishingly more than China. The strength of overall economy is a major determinant of political significance in the present time and China is doing quite well in this prospect. (King, 2006)In adjunct, it must be kept in mind that per capita income in absolute dollars (not percentage) GDP per capita is ascending much rapidly in most of the developed nations of the world than China, on account of China's very low foundation of   income. The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party a short time ago permitted the draft for the 11th 5-year plan for 2006 – 2010. The plan is intended to achieve a comparatively conventional 45% increase in GDP and 20% decline in energy intensity by 2010.Intriguingly enough, due to its vast population, China's per capita share of world GDP can by no means accomplish the levels of the USA or Japan or some European countries in the 1990's by economic progress alone. Avowed in another way, an average Chinese can never posses the same comparative economic power that possessed by average Americans, Western Europeans, and some Japanese in 1990's. This is demonstrated as Japan had 20% of world GDP in April 1995, with not more than 2% of its population. (Lamb, 2004)ConclusionAs China contains approximately 20% of the world's population, it would require 200% of world GDP to compete with Japan's level by this evaluation in April 1995, which is next to impossible. China’s share of total population of the world would have to reduce in size to well below 10% for this to happen. (Fletcher, 2005) Thus, it is quite clear that microeconomic theories like the quantity theory of money is very relevant in the modern context of financial analysis and forecast and the formulation of the national and economic variables are always dependable. Thus, it is obvious that economic commentaries or economic reports, like the one by The Star, can always be used for the fundamental understanding of macroeconomics and its principals.References:Edelman, S; (2005); Evaluation Techniques in International Business Management; Bloemfontein: ABP LtdFletcher, R; (2005); Principals: Beliefs and Knowledge; Believing and Knowin g; Dunedin: Howard & PriceIMF; 2007; Reports: 2006-2007; Paris: ADM PressKar, P; (2006); History of Industrial Economics and Related Applications; Kolkata: Dasgupta & ChatterjeeKing, H; (2006); Economic Principals Today; Auckland: HBT & Brooks LtdLamb, D; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; Wellington: National Book Trust[1] The Star; (March 2008); China to be world’s largest economy in 2025; KUALA LUMPUR: thestaronline

History of Arts and Artists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Arts and Artists - Essay Example Like civilization, art has its own progress and/or decline as an observer might consider. Art has primarily been known as the appreciation of beauty which has been expressed early on through paintings and carvings in various forms. In this essay author pays exclusive attention to the history of art through human civilization. Ancient art on the other hand followed a quite similar way of expressing one’s appreciation of beauty but could be said to have improved in details. Prehistoric and ancient art have been expressed mostly in paintings on walls and stones. Egyptian art, for instance, made use of more vivid illustrations, adding more details to the subject which usually picture their culture. The pyramids themselves were an expression of the artistic point of view of ancient art. This essay covers the renaissance era, that brought artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti. Their beautiful paintings were concentrated more on culture and religion illustrations with the use of more deeper colors. It also pays attention to the baroque period which was borne in France and dominated by artists like Bernini, Caravaggio and Rembrandt. Realism was described, as style that came to existence with its objective rejecting the ideas set by romantics. Contemporary art movements like Dadaism, which was an effect of World War I are also explained in detail. Artists at this time saw the atrocities of war and used art as their instrument of sending their messages to the world, facing the realities of war and not just concentrating on the beautiful things.

Writer's choose Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Writer's choose - Research Paper Example Many archaeologists, towards the end of the 1980s, explained that the political organization of the city was structured in a "multepal" system where political ruling was through the council made up of members of ruling lineages. In terms of economy, Chichen Itza was a major player; this is because it was a major regional capital controlling trade in Yucatan in the period AD 900 and AD 1050, with Isla Cerritos as a major trading port. The city also participated in the circum-peninsular trade via its Isla Cerritos port; thus it obtained resources from distant lands; for example, obsidian was obtained from Central Mexico, and gold was obtained from the Southern Central America (Schele and David 13). The initial site core layout of the Chichen Itza developed during the period 750 AD and 900 AD; final layout was implemented after the year 900 AD, and in the 10th Century the city became a regional trade capital, controlling trade area between the North coast and Central Yucatan and its trade power spreading to the peninsula east and west coasts. Chichen Itza prominence rose at around 600 AD; however the site became a regional power at the later stages of the Late Classic period, and initial stages of Terminal Classic period. The site controlled and dominated socio-political and economic aspects in Maya lowlands in the North (Castaà ±eda 298). The rise of Chichen Itza relates with the decline of major centers in the lowlands of Southern Maya. Archaeological data shows that Chichen Itza influence reduced considerably as from 1250 CE; Mayan chronicles indicate that in the 13th century, ruler of Mayapan (Hunac Ceel) conquered the city, Chichen Itza. In the year 1526, a charter was gr anted by the King of Spain to Francisco de Montejo so as conquer Yucatan.Montejo led alarge Indo-Spanish army which concoured the Yucatan Peninsula. The Spanish King thereafter gave a land grant and by 1588,

Introduction of Synthesis of Zinc Iodide Lab Report

Introduction of Synthesis of Zinc Iodide - Lab Report Example The chemical equation (Eqn 1) below presents the synthesis of zinc iodide from its reactants in the presence of water (Sheppard, 1): The technique involved in this experiment is gravimetry, which is defined as the determination of the mass of substances involved in the reaction (â€Å"Gravimetric Analysis†, tamu.edu). Based on the chemical equation, zinc iodide is expected to precipitate from the reaction, and the precipitate is subjected to washing procedure to collect the excess reactants, which are also weighed (Sheppard, 1). Impurities are the unwanted substances in the precipitate and may affect the percent yield of the product obtained which may be brought about by co-precipitation, surface absorption, occlusion and post-precipitation. Surface adsorption happens when impurities present in the mixture are adsorbed during precipitation. Post-precipitation occurs when a different precipitate forms on top of the expected product while in contact with the mother liquor. In the experiment, surface absorption and post-precipitation may likely introduce the impurities in ZnI2, but this can be avoided by thorough washing of the precipitate and careful precipitation during reaction (â€Å"Gravimetric Analysis†, tamu.edu) of zinc and

Nitrates tolerance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nitrates tolerance - Essay Example While long-term nitrate tolerance treatment induces the body to intrinsic vascular changes, nitrate tolerance treatment overly rely on nitro-vasodilator responsiveness (vascular tolerance). Vascular tolerance is always caused by an increased vascular superoxide production. The vascular superoxide production ultimately relies on unbalanced oxidation to the vascular cells. Additionally, super sensitivity to vasoconstrictor secondary to tonic protein kinase activation may result to nitrates tolerance (Antman & Sabatine, 2012, p. 11). For effective and efficient nitrate toleration clinically, C.NADPH oxidase(s) inclusive of various uncoupled endothelial nitric oxides synthase have been researched on. These oxidant elements have thus been proposed to be some of the richer superoxide sources for nitrate tolerance (Arcangelo & Petterson, 2005, p.134). Vascular NO and superoxide simultaneously form a rapid peroxy-nitrite. Put differently, both super oxide and vascular NO concomitantly aggravates tolerance by promoting NO synthesis. NO synthase uncouple in bonding and inhibit the solubility of both prostacyclin synthase and guanylyl cyclase (Faassen & Vanin, 2007, p.145). Nitrate tolerance has overly gone overboard clinically. This is because tablets designing formula must considerably look into nitrate tolerance in order to come up with effective and efficient tablets formulas (â€Å"Radicals for life the various forms of nitric oxide† 2008, p.133). The oxidative stress concept in nitrate tolerance may purportedly explain the reason as to why radical substances and scavengers have the relief ability to tolerance and endothelial dysfunction (Golan & Tashjian, 2012, p.156). Recent pharmacology research works have defined a newly initiated nitrate tolerance mechanism. This definition is the ability to inhibit mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase is the enzyme that ensures the completion of

Feedback and Evaluation Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Feedback and Evaluation Paper - Essay Example It has a diverse workforce from all around the continent with recognized worldwide reputation for its innovation and leadership (CalPERS, 2012). The feedback mechanisms are a way to improve the services provided by the Calpers the Retirement agency for the state of California employees. Mostly, the problems are difficult, secrecy, and also pension programs tend to get boring with time. So, feedback is essential for this retirement agency of California as well. First of all, the scale of the problem should be recognized. Identifying the problem is the basic step from where feedback is generated. It is the feedback of the customers, as well as employees which pave the way for feedback mechanisms. The internal and external feedback mechanisms allow the company to prosper more successfully and enhance the atmosphere of the organization (State University, 2012). Firstly, the political leaders of California should realize the profundity of current financial deficits in the economy as what will the future implications will be. The company has found out that if pension systems even earn 7.5 to 7.75 percent on a yearly basis, CALPERS will only learn 73.5 to 75.3 correspondingly. The pension systems today cannot find their way out of this current scenario which is absolutely devastating. The debt of the state of California is rapidly increasing everyday as political instability continues to pertain in the region. Obviously, the retirement agencies like CALPERS are highly affected by such traumas. This situation is rather tragic and disappointing, but it is very costly for Retirement firms as well (CalPERS, 2012). Whenever the leaders do not act on the situation, the cost increases to the citizens and state and possibly to public workers to whom the state owe pension. This condition is comparable to an adverse loan amortization, which is a scenario where the owner of the house does not pay much for the principal owed and thus goes into an even shredder condition. The dela y which takes place in this situation over the period of next year can be figured out from any underfunded sum. The 6.2 percent rate of discount leads to yearly pitfalls for the CALPERS system and thus only $16.8 is estimated to be given to CALPERS, CalSTRS and UCRP combined. This problem has to be highlighted in the company (CalPERS, 2012) The feedback and evaluation programs are very important for CaLPERS. For this purpose, direct administration of Associate Program or Program Evaluator is required who assists in the planning and conducting of field audits of employment records and payroll at the public agencies to testify that the agencies are enrolling employees in accordance with the Law set by the Public Employees Retirement Law. Also, the agencies have to report rewards as well in accordance to this law. This situation helps then go to different public agencies located all across the state of California. Furthermore, the Associate Program Evaluator or Program Evaluator may as sist in carrying out the reviews and internal audits of the company which includes the EDP operations, administrative controls, and internal accounting and several other programs (CalPERS, 2012). The fiscal analysis of this public firm extensions for funding and also various other special programs is done by the Program evaluator. The present findings are then presented to the general public and are highly expected to show official dress and manner, in addition to sticking to